The integrated stress response (ISR) is one of the most conserved cellular stress responses during mitochondrial dysfunction. The keys in the activation of ISR are the phosphorylation of eIF2α and subsequent induction of ATF4. The phosphorylation of eIF2α is caused by the activation of four specific serine/threonine kinases, which are Heme Regulated Inhibitor (HRI), Protein Kinase Ribonucleic…
Thalassemia can be defined as a recessive autosomal blood disorder that mainly affects the amount and normal function of hemoglobin that works primarily to carry oxygen throughout the body. The low amount or absence of hemoglobin within the red blood cells can cause a tremendous effect on the body as the RBCs could be degraded, creating an anemic condition for those who suffer from the dis…