Thesis

The Teratogenic Effects of Lemon (Citrus limon) and Mandarin Orange (Citrus nobilis) Ethanolic Peel Extracts on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo

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Medicinal plants (MPs) are widely used for their biological activities attributed to secondary
metabolites. However, many lack a comprehensive regulatory framework, raising safety concerns.
While citrus fruits like lemons (Citrus limon) and mandarin oranges (Citrus nobilis) are popular MPs
established as non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic, there is a notable knowledge gap regarding the
potential teratogenic effects of their peels. This study investigated the teratogenic potential of C.
limon and C. nobilis ethanolic peel extracts using zebrafish embryos as a model system.
Developmental abnormalities were assessed at 48 and 120 hpf, and the therapeutic index (TI) values
were calculated using the LC25/NOAEL ratio. Both extracts exhibited lethal (coagulation) and sublethal
effects (yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, bent spine, tail malformation, and non-hatching). The TI
values for C. limon and C. nobilis exceeded 3 at 48 hpf, classifying both extracts as potentially
teratogenic. While these findings suggest caution, the extracts may still have potential applications in
various industries at concentrations below their respective LC25 values. Further research is warranted
to fully elucidate the teratogenic potential and safe concentration ranges of these plant extracts,
considering the limitations of the current experimental design.

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Availability

Detail Information

Series Title

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Call Number

PHA 24-010

Publisher

i3L, Jakarta : i3L, Jakarta., 2024

Collation

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Language

English

ISBN/ISSN

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Classification

NONE

Content Type

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Media Type

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Carrier Type

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Edition

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Subject(s)

medicinal plants (MPs)
teratogenic
Citrus limon
Citrus nobilis
zebrafish embryo

Specific Detail Info

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Statement of Responsibility

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