This volume teaches calculus in the biology context without compromising the level of regular calculus. Each new concept is typically introduced with a biological example; the concept is then developed without the biological context; and then the concept is tied into additional biological examples. This allows readers to first see why a certain concept is important; then lets them focus on how …
This book addresses clearly and objectively the fundamental and technological concepts involved in the process and manufacturing of high-quality herbal products. The text is written using a multidisciplinary approach to include all subjects involved in phytopharmaceutical technology, and to accurately portray each step of the process
Lung cancer is the most malignant tumor with the highest mortality in the world. Early diagnosis and prognosis are important to improve the patient’s survival rate. With AI, screening which is one of the methods of detection is more sensitive and accurate allowing better analysis. This will in turn assist medical professionals in their line of work and improve the medical field overall. Th…
Cardiomegaly or enlargement of the heart, is a designated umbrella term for various conditions that lead to the enlargement of the heart. Early detection and intervention would increase the chance of survival, however, detection of cardiomegaly is usually done with chest X-rays and might be difficult to do as diagnosis of cardiomegaly involves the detection of subtle and small changes in the he…
Phylogenetic distance estimation between taxa in a tree is critical for tree reconstruction. There exist several classical methods that are already established in the field of phylogenetics. However, these classical methods of distance estimation are not straightforward and their computation can be tedious. As neural networks show great success in pattern recognition tasks, it is reasonable tha…
Milna, a specially formulated collection of breastfeeding complementary foods (weaning foods), and Prenagen, a low-fat milk for pregnant moms aimed at nutrition preparation for pregnancy and breastfeeding, both created by PT. Sanghiang Perkasa, a Kalbe company, embarked on a strategic initiative to cultivate product awareness during its introductory phase in the Malaysian market for Milna and M…
This subchronic toxicity study assessed the delayed toxicity and reversibility of fennel extract in male and female mice. To ascertain any delayed toxicity and potential for recovery, a separate satellite group received oral doses of fennel extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kg/day of body weight for a duration of 90 days, followed by 28-days with no treatment. There were no abnormalities observed in…
Quality Control (QC) is important to ensure the identity, strength, purity, pharmacological safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of biopharmaceutical products. Biopharmaceuticals are complex drugs that are created from living cells or organisms, which frequently employ advanced biotechnological techniques. In the biopharmaceutical industry, tests are performed on the finished product to ensure t…
The gut microbiota represents a vast reservoir of bioactive substances with potential implications for human health and disease. This study focused on the identification of a novel metabolite originating from the gut microbiota strain Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus and evaluated its antibacterial properties. Advanced analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography, high-r…
Shampoo is a type of hair care product that is used to clean the scalp and remove the dirt. Not only for humans, shampoo is also used for animals, especially dogs. However, different from human shampoo, dog shampoo tends to be milder due to the different pH and sensitivity of dog’s skin compared to human skin. It is important to formulate a shampoo that has good properties for dog characteris…
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) protein is abundantly expressed in PC cells and has been linked to tumor growth and metastasis. This research intends to provide insights into the cytotoxic effect of the CEACAM6-mediated targeted therapy using anti-CEACA…
Foeniculum vulgare or known as adas in Indonesia is a medicinal plant that belongs to the umbelliferae family. It has a lot of pharmacological properties such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, gastro-protective, estrogenic-like, cardiovascular, lipid-lowering, anti-mutagenic, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer activity, hepatoprotective, and memory-protective ch…
Phytoplasmas, which are bacteria that lack cell walls, are known to infect a variety of host plants and spread quickly within them including fruit plants and other types of flora causing significant agricultural losses. Phytoplasmas infect a wide variety of plants, causing irregular plant growth such as phyllody. Phyllody is a developmental transformation in plants that transforms flowers into …
High expense of pharmaceutical raw materials causes local synthesis to not be affordable. Local synthesis, which employs stepwise synthesis, requires significant raw materials and solvents. This condition has led Indonesia to heavily rely on other countries as sources of raw materials and medications, including Clopidogrel, a widely used drug in Indonesia. Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) offers …
This research study presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis of carbocyclic glycosyl donors, carbocyclic nucleosides, thio-glycosyl donors, and thio-nucleosides – considered as key compounds with significant implications for the chemistry of nucleosides and glycosides. A series of organic reactions were performed for each scheme, curated to manufacture the desired target mole…
Quality Control (QC) is part of the quality assurance system and holds a critical activity of ensuring drug products' safety, efficacy, and quality fulfill the requirement. Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) is a standard regulation enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to guarantee product quality and must be followed by all pharmaceutical companies. One of the crucial com…
PT. Phapros Tbk is a pharmaceutical company under the PT. Kimia Farma, which has a vision and several missions based on the fundamental pillars of trust, and holds firmly to the core value of AKHLAK. This company produces OTC medications, generic drugs, prescription drugs, and medical devices. Thus, in producing various pharmaceutical products, specifically the Quality Assurance (QA) department…
F. vulgare is a perennial herb that has been traditionally used as medicine for a variety of ailments. It has also been used as a medication due to its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Previous studies have highlighted issues associated with the poor quality of therapeutic herbal products commercially available, thus a standardization for safety and toxicity profiling of her…
Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B (Pir A and Pir B) are two different types of insecticidal toxins that were firstly found in Photorhabdus luminescens. Its homolog, from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is found to cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in the shrimp, since it contains plasmid pVA1. When binded together, Pir A and B can exert its effect, because they form a stru…
PT Phapros TBK is a pharmaceutical company founded in 1954, which is now owned and operated under PT Kimia Farma TBK. Research and development falls under the production department, which is one of the 3 main departments in PT Phapros. The Research and development team centers on drug development and analysis, among which Analytical development plays an integral part in the process. During this…
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication used for treating one of the major contributors of mortality worldwide – cardiovascular diseases (CAVDs). The conventional synthesis of clopidogrel as a complex organic molecule can be time-consuming and costly as various reaction conditions need to be set and maintained. A simpler method following the Multicomponent Reaction (MCR), specifically Ugi-3…
Living together closely with pets, people put an increased value on the appearance of their pets, specifically putting more attention towards the hair and skin of the pets. Thus, the majority of cosmetics for dogs are shampoos. These may be utilized to wash the coat, enhance its structural properties, and as adjuvant treatment for various skin diseases. In order to treat various skin diseases p…
This project aims to evaluate the cleaning capacities of a non-irritant, sulfate free organic dog shampoo. Surfactants play a vital role in shaping product characteristics. Coco glucoside and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) were used as the surfactants of this experiment for its non irritant properties. Additionally, CAPB's amphoteric nature proves valuable in dispersing solid ingredients efficie…
Apis mellifera or honey bee is the most crucial pollinator globally, providing 50% of global crop pollination. However, bee colony loss is increasing and one of the causes is American foulbrood disease (AFB), a disease that kills honey bee larva. Paenibacillus larvae, a gram positive bacteria is the causative agent of AFB, it can produce spores that are able to survive in extreme heat and c…
Malaysia faces water and food waste issues. Majority of wastewater in Malaysia contains ammonium and phosphate, which is dangerous towards health and environment. In Malaysia, the food waste mainly consists of fruit and vegetable waste. Nowadays, as the world progresses towards sustainable development, food waste valorisation is implemented to solve the wastewater issue. This study aims to …
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the leading malignant tumors worldwide. The oncogenic long non-coding RNA (IncRNA), LncX, was reported to play a critical role in OSCC progression. To further identify and characterize the key pathways and genes downstream of LncX, we will integrate online datasets and bioinformatic analysis to investigate the expression pattern of LncX in OSCC and …