Indonesia is a major coffee producer with government initiatives targeting the increased demand for Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica). However, Indonesia is a tropical country, which is ideal for the growth of Ochratoxin A (OTA) producers like Aspergillus and Penicillium. OTA is a food safety risk due to its potential for nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity at high exposure levels. There is sti…
Exposure of human skin to the sun has been known to have adverse effects. UV radiation, namely UVB (280-315 nm), is known to cause sunburn in the skin, as it induces cytokines, neuroactive, and vasoactive mediators that trigger an inflammatory response. Other than that, UV exposure is also linked with skin darkening, as it upregulates melanin accumulation in the epidermis. This increases th…