Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B (Pir A and Pir B) are two different types of insecticidal toxins that were firstly found in Photorhabdus luminescens. Its homolog, from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is found to cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in the shrimp, since it contains plasmid pVA1. When binded together, Pir A and B can exert its effect, because they form a stru…
Glycoconjugate vaccine involved the conjugation of polysaccharides from a pathogen and a protein carrier whereas pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is one of the examples. The pneumococcal diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can be tackled by the PCV, which was produced by chemical conjugation. Due to the challenges in the production such as polysaccharide extraction and purificat…