Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting cognition and memory. The exact cause of AD remains unclear, but two primary theories have been suggested to explain its cause: the cholinergic and amyloid hypothesis. The extracellular deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and intracellular accumulation of phosphorylated tau protein called neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) …
Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) aims to find genomic variants that correlates with the occurrence of certain traits within a population. Various tools and algorithms can be utilized to conduct GWAS, among them are PLINK, Hail, and VariantSpark. In this study, a GWAS analysis pipeline was developed using PLINK, Hail, and VariantSpark to assess their performance in conduction GWAS asso…
Cognitive impairments in thinking are the example of neurodegenerative diseases that happened in Alzheimer Disease (AD). Short memory loss (dementia) is one of the symptoms, showed by 60-70% cases found and gradually progress in declination of thinking. Therefore, dementia usually is associated in AD. Lately, an inhibitory neurotransmitter called GABA is known for its relation with working memo…
"Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is most common form of dementia and a neurodegenerative disease characterized by significant decline in cognitive ability that interferes with daily activities. This disease is characterized by accumulation of amyloid-β, NFTs, and oxidative stress in the brain of AD patient that leads to inflammation and neurotoxicity. Around 50 million people worldwide suffer from …
"The most contributed neurodegenerative disease in dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has affected more than 26 million people in 2006 and is predicted to increase in quadruplicate in 2050. The etiology of the disease remained unclear until now, but it is suggested to be arisen by multiple factors. AD patients have experienced impaired cholinergic activities related to memory and cognitiv…
Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest biodiversity in the world. Despite its huge potential to develop medicinal plants into herbal products, the utilization of medicinal plants in Indonesia is only up to 5%. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for up to 70% of dementia cases affecting over 24 million people worldwide. As the average life expectancy of humans increases, more than 5…