This study investigates the potential of T-cell-mediated immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2, given the concerns about the high mutation rate in the virus's S protein and its potential impact on vaccine efficacy. The prevalent HLA class II alleles in the Indonesian population, namely HLA-DRB1*12:02, HLA-DRB1*15:02, and HLA-DRB1*07:01, play a crucial role in presenting viral peptide antigens to the…
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants is primarily attributed to mutations in the S protein, diminishing the efficacy of existing vaccines that aim to generate antibodies against this S protein. As antibodies become less efficient, T cell-mediated immune response becomes essential in eliminating the virus. Three predominant HLA Class II alleles in the Indonesian population; HLA-DRB1*12:02, HLA-D…
The currently available COVID-19 vaccine is thought to be sufficient in protecting against SARSCoV-2 infection, whilst the constant mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and the failure of the vaccine mto evoke protective mucosal immunity have remained problems. This condition has brought forward the idea of targeting nucleocapsid (N) protein as a more conserved region of SARS-CoV-2, in addition to the spike…