The COVID-19 global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been going on for almost two years and has negatively impacted the global population. The same as other viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is continuously mutating to adapt to the environment, and this may result in negative impacts, such as an increase in virus transmission, virulence, and even resistance to vaccines. Hence, questions regarding whether th…
hellfish allergy is one of the highest prevalence allergies in the world, accounting for 7.7% of the population including Indonesia. Thus, the development of T cell epitope and B cell epitope based vaccines play an important role in future prospects for alternative treatment for allergy. The vaccine aims to induce the immune system so it will not react towards the allergen though the body al…
In the past decades, the allergic disease prevalence has been increasing worldwide. It is estimated that 5-30% of populations in all America, Southeast Asia (such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, etc), Europe, and Australia have sensitivity and/or skin reactivity towards dust mites. House dust mites (HDM) are able to cause severe allergic reactions as well as represent the biggest s…
"Monkeypox (MPXV) is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus (Poxviridae family) which was first identified in Democratic Republic of Congo. World Health Organization (WHO) has received increasing reports of monkeypox (Mpox) cases worldwide, and the mortality rate is 3-6%. Until now, fully effective & specific treatment for monkeypox virus infection is still absent.…
COVID-19 were identified as viral diseases which was caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 are known to be the family of coronaviridae. As we all know that patients that were infected by the COVID-19 has risen significantly since the very early outbreak that happens in the early December 2019 specifically at Wuhan, China. Researc…
Glycoconjugate vaccine involved the conjugation of polysaccharides from a pathogen and a protein carrier whereas pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is one of the examples. The pneumococcal diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can be tackled by the PCV, which was produced by chemical conjugation. Due to the challenges in the production such as polysaccharide extraction and purificat…
four-month internship was conducted in PT. Bio Farma Bandung as a study following the Enrichment Program held by i3L. PT. Bio Farma is a state-owned biopharmaceutical company located in Bandung, established with a focus on the research and development of vaccines in Indonesia. As part of the Tetanus Vaccine Production department, the author worked directly on the production facilities, part…
The appropriate course of action to stop the spread of COVID-19 involves immunizations due to the rise in COVID-19 cases. Pichia pastoris serves as the protein expression system for RBD, a spike protein produced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. RBD is utilized as an antigen for vaccine candidates to tackle COVID-19 which is suitable for low to middle-income countries. The Tangential Flow Filtration…
he increase in the rate of vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 has proven to be an excellent counter against the pandemic of COVID-19, but the increase of the rate in vaccinations have inevitably caused detrimental side effects to a small group of people who received the vaccination. The focus of this literature review will be the autoimmune thyroid disorders which have affected a small number …
In 2020, breast cancer incidence in Indonesian women had become the highest among other cancers. There are different approaches to combat this disease; one of them is immunotherapy which focuses on utilizing the body’s immune cells to eliminate and evoke an immune response against cancer. This study aims to develop a multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine targeting Mucin 1 (MUC-1) and Matrix Met…
Cancer, the cause of the highest mortality number worldwide in 2020, had the majority of its deaths coming from low to middle income countries, which includes Indonesia. The importance of searching for cancer treatment therefore rose due to the high mortality number. Cancer vaccine is currently considered one of the most favorable approach among cancer therapies due to its high specificity, low…
Cervical cancer is included in the fourth list of most common cancer among women worldwide and the second top cancer among women in Indonesia. However, the available method to fight this cancer is only prevention, such as screening and prophylactic vaccination. As most cases arise from women who have not gotten HPV vaccination, developing a therapeutic vaccine is essential. Most of the case…
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still ongoing in Indonesia, and multiple variants are identified to emerge along the progress. Study of vaccines found out that the newer variants had mutations within the target sites of currently available vaccines, especially on the spike region of the genome, thus reducing most vaccines effectiveness. Thus as precaution for possible future mutation, a multi-epitope va…
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes many diseases with a high burden worldwide, such as pneumonia, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. Moreover, S. pneumoniae has been reported to produce biofilms that have been linked to antibiotic resistance, stronger immune evasion, and persistent infection. Thus, in vitro pneumococcal biofilms need to be optimally produced for further st…
Sars-cov-2 is a virus whose spread need to be urgently curtailed. Spike proteins were analysed for epitopes as they have been found to be the immunogens used in many new releases COVID-19 vaccine. With an indonesian vaccine-"vaccine merah putih"-still in development. it remains essential to conduct immunoinformatics research on the indonesia virus isolate to support vaccine research, especially…