Pediococcus acidilactici is a gram-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) widely used as a probiotic due to its safety, benefits, and ability to survive in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. One of the challenges for probiotic species is the presence of bile salt, which can degrade bacterial cell membrane due to its main function in lipid solubilization. Bile salt can als…
Polyascus planus is a parasitic barnacle (rhizocephala) in various crustacean hosts, including Metopograpus thukuhar, that can manipulate the host’s hemolymph ecdysteroid level. Ecdysteroid is an essential hormone for molting and reproductory development in arthropods which includes both rhizocephalan and crustacean. The manipulation allows the parasite to reproduce securely while it stays wi…