Exposure to harmful stimuli could induce tissue damage. Failure to remove the harmful stimuli and to repair its resulting damages is associated with increased level of ER stress, which is also closely associated with development of age-related diseases including cancer and metabolic diseases. Additionally, chronic inflammation, characterized by the imbalance of M1/M2 macrophage ratio, is al…
Xk-related protein 4 (Xkr4) protein is one of the scramblases that can expose phosphatidylserine (PS) as an “eat-me” signal in apoptotic cells. Xkr4 is activated in two steps: Dimer formation after caspase-mediated cleavage of its cytoplasmic region, followed by direct binding of the C-terminal fragment of X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing 4 (XRCC4/C-terminus) to the Xkr4 dimer. It has b…