Hydroponic cultivation has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to traditional soil-based agriculture and may be less susceptible to pests and diseases. They can be set up in controlled environments, making them suitable for year-round production in urban areas with limited land availability. EM4 is a type of fertilizer that can increase agricultural systems' decomposition, composting, a…
The discharge of untreated industrial wastewater into rivers in Malaysia presents significant environmental challenges, particularly concerning ammonium and phosphorus pollution in aquatic ecosystems, which entail ecological, economic, and health implications. Addressing these concerns, this research focuses on comprehensively characterizing diverse microorganisms within fermented fruit bio…