Though rare, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) remain a clinically challenging pediatric tumor and lack defined treatments. “One-size-fits-all” multimodal regimens have largely been of modest clinical benefits thereby urging the development of precision medicine for ATRT. However, the single- mutation nature of pediatric tumors like ATRT has misrepresented the potential of non-mut…
The integrated stress response (ISR) is one of the most conserved cellular stress responses during mitochondrial dysfunction. The keys in the activation of ISR are the phosphorylation of eIF2α and subsequent induction of ATF4. The phosphorylation of eIF2α is caused by the activation of four specific serine/threonine kinases, which are Heme Regulated Inhibitor (HRI), Protein Kinase Ribonucleic…
Xk-related protein 4 (Xkr4) protein is one of the scramblases that can expose phosphatidylserine (PS) as an “eat-me” signal in apoptotic cells. Xkr4 is activated in two steps: Dimer formation after caspase-mediated cleavage of its cytoplasmic region, followed by direct binding of the C-terminal fragment of X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing 4 (XRCC4/C-terminus) to the Xkr4 dimer. It has b…