Fungi, particularly medicinal mushrooms, have been extensively harvested for their natural compounds for alternative medicine because they provide benefits with little to no adverse effects. FIPs, or fungal immunomodulatory proteins, are one that have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory activities to promote lymphocyte production and subsequently enhance cytokine production. FIP…
Glycoconjugate vaccine involved the conjugation of polysaccharides from a pathogen and a protein carrier whereas pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is one of the examples. The pneumococcal diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can be tackled by the PCV, which was produced by chemical conjugation. Due to the challenges in the production such as polysaccharide extraction and purificat…