Shampoo is a type of hair care product that is used to clean the scalp and remove the dirt. Not only for humans, shampoo is also used for animals, especially dogs. However, different from human shampoo, dog shampoo tends to be milder due to the different pH and sensitivity of dog’s skin compared to human skin. It is important to formulate a shampoo that has good properties for dog characteris…
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) protein is abundantly expressed in PC cells and has been linked to tumor growth and metastasis. This research intends to provide insights into the cytotoxic effect of the CEACAM6-mediated targeted therapy using anti-CEACA…
Foeniculum vulgare or known as adas in Indonesia is a medicinal plant that belongs to the umbelliferae family. It has a lot of pharmacological properties such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, gastro-protective, estrogenic-like, cardiovascular, lipid-lowering, anti-mutagenic, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer activity, hepatoprotective, and memory-protective ch…
Phytoplasmas, which are bacteria that lack cell walls, are known to infect a variety of host plants and spread quickly within them including fruit plants and other types of flora causing significant agricultural losses. Phytoplasmas infect a wide variety of plants, causing irregular plant growth such as phyllody. Phyllody is a developmental transformation in plants that transforms flowers into …
High expense of pharmaceutical raw materials causes local synthesis to not be affordable. Local synthesis, which employs stepwise synthesis, requires significant raw materials and solvents. This condition has led Indonesia to heavily rely on other countries as sources of raw materials and medications, including Clopidogrel, a widely used drug in Indonesia. Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) offers …
This research study presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis of carbocyclic glycosyl donors, carbocyclic nucleosides, thio-glycosyl donors, and thio-nucleosides – considered as key compounds with significant implications for the chemistry of nucleosides and glycosides. A series of organic reactions were performed for each scheme, curated to manufacture the desired target mole…
Quality Control (QC) is part of the quality assurance system and holds a critical activity of ensuring drug products' safety, efficacy, and quality fulfill the requirement. Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) is a standard regulation enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to guarantee product quality and must be followed by all pharmaceutical companies. One of the crucial com…
PT. Phapros Tbk is a pharmaceutical company under the PT. Kimia Farma, which has a vision and several missions based on the fundamental pillars of trust, and holds firmly to the core value of AKHLAK. This company produces OTC medications, generic drugs, prescription drugs, and medical devices. Thus, in producing various pharmaceutical products, specifically the Quality Assurance (QA) department…
F. vulgare is a perennial herb that has been traditionally used as medicine for a variety of ailments. It has also been used as a medication due to its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Previous studies have highlighted issues associated with the poor quality of therapeutic herbal products commercially available, thus a standardization for safety and toxicity profiling of her…
Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B (Pir A and Pir B) are two different types of insecticidal toxins that were firstly found in Photorhabdus luminescens. Its homolog, from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is found to cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in the shrimp, since it contains plasmid pVA1. When binded together, Pir A and B can exert its effect, because they form a stru…
PT Phapros TBK is a pharmaceutical company founded in 1954, which is now owned and operated under PT Kimia Farma TBK. Research and development falls under the production department, which is one of the 3 main departments in PT Phapros. The Research and development team centers on drug development and analysis, among which Analytical development plays an integral part in the process. During this…
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication used for treating one of the major contributors of mortality worldwide – cardiovascular diseases (CAVDs). The conventional synthesis of clopidogrel as a complex organic molecule can be time-consuming and costly as various reaction conditions need to be set and maintained. A simpler method following the Multicomponent Reaction (MCR), specifically Ugi-3…
Living together closely with pets, people put an increased value on the appearance of their pets, specifically putting more attention towards the hair and skin of the pets. Thus, the majority of cosmetics for dogs are shampoos. These may be utilized to wash the coat, enhance its structural properties, and as adjuvant treatment for various skin diseases. In order to treat various skin diseases p…
This project aims to evaluate the cleaning capacities of a non-irritant, sulfate free organic dog shampoo. Surfactants play a vital role in shaping product characteristics. Coco glucoside and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) were used as the surfactants of this experiment for its non irritant properties. Additionally, CAPB's amphoteric nature proves valuable in dispersing solid ingredients efficie…
Apis mellifera or honey bee is the most crucial pollinator globally, providing 50% of global crop pollination. However, bee colony loss is increasing and one of the causes is American foulbrood disease (AFB), a disease that kills honey bee larva. Paenibacillus larvae, a gram positive bacteria is the causative agent of AFB, it can produce spores that are able to survive in extreme heat and c…
Malaysia faces water and food waste issues. Majority of wastewater in Malaysia contains ammonium and phosphate, which is dangerous towards health and environment. In Malaysia, the food waste mainly consists of fruit and vegetable waste. Nowadays, as the world progresses towards sustainable development, food waste valorisation is implemented to solve the wastewater issue. This study aims to …
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the leading malignant tumors worldwide. The oncogenic long non-coding RNA (IncRNA), LncX, was reported to play a critical role in OSCC progression. To further identify and characterize the key pathways and genes downstream of LncX, we will integrate online datasets and bioinformatic analysis to investigate the expression pattern of LncX in OSCC and …
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a neoplasm caused by the formation of an immature osteoid matrix and is derived from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells. OS is known to be the 7 th most common primary bone cancer in childhood. OS is also known for its high proliferation ability and several mechanisms may be involved. Several pathways are linked to the progression and growth of cancers including the h…
The expression of progerin, a mutated form of lamin A protein, is caused by autosomal dominant mutation in the LMNA gene. It is located in the nuclear lamina of the cells, and can affect the overall cell structure, especially in skeletal muscle cells (myocytes), in which central nucleation can occur. In order to detect the effects of progerin in the cells’ morphology, there are several techni…
This study investigates the potential of T-cell-mediated immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2, given the concerns about the high mutation rate in the virus's S protein and its potential impact on vaccine efficacy. The prevalent HLA class II alleles in the Indonesian population, namely HLA-DRB1*12:02, HLA-DRB1*15:02, and HLA-DRB1*07:01, play a crucial role in presenting viral peptide antigens to the…
Dengue virus (DENV) poses a global health threat due to the high prevalence, with varying degrees of severity which can escalate to mortality. The disease burden is increased by the genetic diversity, resulting in serotypes and genotypes with different replication rate and clinical severity. This molecular diversity, especially prevalent in endemic regions like Indonesia, underlies the importan…
Neutrophils are the main cells that play a significant role in the innate immune system. Upon a pathogenic invasion, these cells are recruited to the site of infection and perform many different functions. Targeting the neutrophils for therapeutic interventions has been a great challenge due to the complexity of their signaling pathway and mechanisms. Therefore, the search for drug candidates t…
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in females worldwide, in which one of its major causative agents is human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16). The current HPV screening measures are responsible for reducing CC incidence; however, some limitations still persist which brings about the necessity to investigate novel biomarkers. The HPV16 genome contains several genes with…
The Deleted in Liver Cancer family houses the RhoGAP proteins DLC1 and DLC2, which have already been known for their tumor suppressive capabilities, and DLC3, whose studies regarding this gene are minimal. This study seeks to elucidate the function of DLC3 protein towards tumor development by looking at the changes in angiogenesis and cell migration rate following DLC3 downregulation, using zeb…
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionised immunotherapy by boosting T celldriven tumour cell destruction through specific antigen recognition. Despite its success in haematological cancers, significant hurdles in using CAR T cells for solid tumours are the suppression of CAR T cell proliferation and effector functions. This research addresses the pressing challenge in ca…
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants is primarily attributed to mutations in the S protein, diminishing the efficacy of existing vaccines that aim to generate antibodies against this S protein. As antibodies become less efficient, T cell-mediated immune response becomes essential in eliminating the virus. Three predominant HLA Class II alleles in the Indonesian population; HLA-DRB1*12:02, HLA-D…
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant challenge in clinical management due to late-stage diagnosis and limited curative interventions. The imperative to develop more efficacious therapeutic approaches for HCC underscores the exploration of oncolytic virotherapy, an innovative treatment modality exhibiting promising antitumor properties. Among potential oncolytic vectors, the measle…
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have garnered attention in virology due to their potential in mitigating lyssavirus attachment to brain cells. Recent studies highlight heparin's ability to impede viral attachment to heparan sulfate, suggesting its role in preventing viral entry. Pseudoviruses have been utilized as safer alternatives in lyssavirus research, generated through co-transfection of plasmid…
Tankyrase 1 has received attention as a promising target for anti-cancer therapies due to its upregulated expression in various cancer types. Its crucial role in PARsylation leads to the degradation of tumor suppressors (e.g. Axin, TRF1, and PTEN) through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, highlighting its significance in oncogenic processes. The urgency to discover novel tankyrase 1 inhibitors …
Tuberculosis caused by an obligate aerobic bacteria known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most lifelong diseases that has been infecting humans worldwide; Indonesia is one of the countries that has the highest prevalence of tuberculosis. The bacteria itself possesses an atypical cell wall structure that protects them from harmful drugs. With the inconsistent, prolonged drug treatmen…
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is an aggressive pediatric CNS tumor yet lacking standardized therapies while current management standards are not of significant clinical benefit. With the opportunity of accessing the Childhood Cancer Model Atlas (CCMA)’s vast pediatric cancer resources, high-throughput drug screening (HTS) was carried out on the CCMA’s ATRT cohort against the novel…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS) which is still considered a global burden. Japan has not yet been successful in fulfilling the UNAIDS/WHO (90/90/90) target due to the lack of HIV surveillance in the country. HIV is known as a virus with a very high genetic diversity in which the presence of insertions or deletions (indels) and sin…
Enterobacter bugandensis belongs to the ESKAPE bacteria, a group notorious for being prominent causative agents of hospital-acquired infections. Despite being a recent discovery in 2016, E. bugandensis is an emerging pathogen that has been responsible for several bacteremia outbreaks. Notably, E. bugandensis possesses high levels of multidrug resistance and little is known about its pathogenesi…
Persisting as a risk to public health worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted extensive global research efforts to unravel the dynamic of virus-host interplay contributing to disease severity. One of the SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins, ORF9b, is recognized for its role in the alteration of host antiviral type I inte…
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can elicit both positive and negative effects on the skin. Among the three types of UV radiation, UVB (280-315 nm) is particularly detrimental, causing sunburns, skin cancer, and premature aging. Furthermore, UV exposure induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which the skin recognizes as external ROS. This study investigates …
The crisis of antibacterial resistance is an inevitable consequence of the widespread use of antibacterial agents in human health-related settings and agriculture. One of the oldest strategies to combat this crisis is to screen for novel antibacterial drug classes or structures, leading to the discovery of numerous antibacterial compounds, many of which are isolated from actinomyces/ Streptomyc…
Malaria has been a major health issue in Indonesia. Thus, diagnostic methods play a major role in the control and elimination of the disease. The most common methods in the field to detect malaria are microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT), with the latter more recommended due to its simplicity and minimal expertise requirements. The most widely used RDTs are PfHRP2-based RDTs. However, the…
The body odor issue has prompted increasing concern among individuals, attributed to the malodorous byproducts of sweat gland activity, particularly in the axillary skin region, which is metabolized by the cutaneous microflora. To address this matter, the formulation of deodorant products has emerged as a potential solution. Comprising a spectrum of compounds and a natural product, reported as …
The worldwide impact of breast cancer (BRCA) has received a lot of attention due to its poor prognosis which leads to the high mortality and morbidity rate. Studies suggest that the high morbidity rate is mainly due to ineffectiveness of existing conventional therapies including chemotherapy, surgery as well as radiation therapy. Consequently, researchers are investigating gene therapy as a pro…
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by poor prognosis, being commonly diagnosed in the unresectable advanced or metastatic stage which poses an extremely poor prognosis for patients. Hypoxia predominates most pancreatic cancer tumour microenvironments (TME), with HIF-1 signalling being overexpressed in 88% of all pancreatic cancers. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerge…
The medial habenula (MHb) is the less explored subregion of the emerging brain structure, Habenula (Hb) with roles in fear memory expression, anxiety, and addiction. At the neuron terminals where MHb neurons project to, the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), vesicular neurotransmitter release is triggered by the influx of calcium ions via Ca v2.3 calcium channels, and robustly potentiated by GABAB …