Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a chronic inflammatory illness that affects the sebaceous glands and is characterized by the production of erythematous nodules, pustules, and papules, which can scar. Acne is the eighth most prevalent disease, estimated to affect 9.4 % of the global population. Specifically in Indonesia, the prevalence of acne is increasing year by year. Acne has affected …
Skin barrier disorder is a condition whereby the skin is incapable of preventing the penetration of exogenous stimuli. As a result, inflammation are also elevated in an effort to eliminate these materials, resulting in increased sensitivity towards exogenous material. Treating this dysfunction can be achieved using topical application of prescriptions such as moisturizers that can tone down…
Skin barrier integrity is mainly maintained at the outermost layer of the skin, which is cons????tuted by suppor????ve molecules. Ceramide cons????tutes the largest lipids amount in the intercellular lipid matrix. Filaggrin is a protein involved in the stratum corneum mechanical integrity maintenance. Hyaluronic acid mainly acts as a humectant to maintain hydra????on. Nowadays, moisturizers…
Stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of the skin surrounded by the lipid matrix and forms a multilamellar barrier for the skin. The main function of this layer is to prevent the permeation of external molecules into the epidermal and dermal layers and prevent excessive water loss from the skin (van Smeden & Bouwstra, n.d.). As the lamellar barrier's major lipid component, ceramides ar…
A healthy and moisturized skin is the result of a healthy and functioning barrier function. The barrier function mainly consists of the CE layer of the epidermis, which is formed by the cross-linking of FLG, IVL, and LOR genes that are catalyzed by TGM-1 gene. However, due to many factors, the moisture and water content in the skin may be altered; thus, resulting in dry skin. The usage of moist…
The corneocytes hold a role in skin moisturizing due to Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) possession. This hygroscopic component, mainly composed of free amino acids, is the result of filaggrin protein degradation and is proportionally produced as the skin gets moisturized. Moisturizer is thought to improve skin moisture through its ingredients. Previous research experimented with skin gene exp…